Hookworm: Difference between revisions
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==Background== | ==Background== | ||
*Necator americanus | *Caused by ''Necator americanus'' | ||
*Larvae penetrate through intact skin on contact with feces-contaminated soil | *Larvae penetrate through intact skin on contact with feces-contaminated soil | ||
**Enter the bloodstream, ascend the trachea, descend the esophagus to differentiate into adult worms, and migrate to the upper intestine where they attach to the mucosal wall and feed on host blood | **Enter the bloodstream, ascend the trachea, descend the esophagus to differentiate into adult worms, and migrate to the upper intestine where they attach to the mucosal wall and feed on host blood | ||
| Line 8: | Line 8: | ||
*Morbidity is related to number of worms harbored in intestines | *Morbidity is related to number of worms harbored in intestines | ||
*Light infections often asymptomatic | *Light infections often asymptomatic | ||
*Heavier infections with variety of manifestations including GI symptoms (abdominal pain, diarrhea, blood in stool, rectal prolapse), malaise, weakness, impaired cognitive / physical development, malnutrition<ref>Wilcox S, Thomas S, Brown D, Nadel E. “Gastrointestinal Parasite.” The Journal of Emergency Medicine, 2007; 33(3):277-280 | *Heavier infections with variety of manifestations including GI symptoms (abdominal pain, diarrhea, blood in stool, rectal prolapse), malaise, weakness, impaired cognitive / physical development, malnutrition<ref>Wilcox S, Thomas S, Brown D, Nadel E. “Gastrointestinal Parasite.” The Journal of Emergency Medicine, 2007; 33(3):277-280</ref> | ||
*Iron-deficiency [[anemia]] | *Iron-deficiency [[anemia]] | ||
*Hypochromic microcytic anemia | **Hypochromic microcytic anemia | ||
**Adult worms attach to intestinal wall to feed, causing ongoing luminal blood loss | **Adult worms attach to intestinal wall to feed, causing ongoing luminal blood loss | ||
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{{Helminth Types}} | {{Helminth Types}} | ||
== | ==Evaluation== | ||
*Stool ova and parasites - ova found in stool | |||
*Stool culture | |||
*CBC | |||
**Hypochromic, microcytic anemia | |||
**[[Eosinophilia]], often marked | |||
==Management== | ==Management== | ||
*Albendazole | *Albendazole 400mg x 1 dose (high efficacy) '''OR''' mebendazole 500mg x 1 dose (low to moderate efficacy) | ||
*Iron | *Iron supplementation for [[anemia]] | ||
==Disposition== | ==Disposition== | ||
*Generally may be discharged | |||
==See Also== | ==See Also== | ||
| Line 30: | Line 36: | ||
==External Links== | ==External Links== | ||
== | ==References== | ||
<references/> | <references/> | ||
[[Category:ID]] | [[Category:ID]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Tropical Medicine]] | ||
Latest revision as of 05:08, 5 October 2016
Background
- Caused by Necator americanus
- Larvae penetrate through intact skin on contact with feces-contaminated soil
- Enter the bloodstream, ascend the trachea, descend the esophagus to differentiate into adult worms, and migrate to the upper intestine where they attach to the mucosal wall and feed on host blood
- Commonly occurs in warmer climates (tropics, Southeast United States). [1]
Clinical Features
- Morbidity is related to number of worms harbored in intestines
- Light infections often asymptomatic
- Heavier infections with variety of manifestations including GI symptoms (abdominal pain, diarrhea, blood in stool, rectal prolapse), malaise, weakness, impaired cognitive / physical development, malnutrition[2]
- Iron-deficiency anemia
- Hypochromic microcytic anemia
- Adult worms attach to intestinal wall to feed, causing ongoing luminal blood loss
Differential Diagnosis
Helminth infections
Cestodes (Tapeworms)
- Taenia saginata
- Taenia solium (Cysticercosis)
- Diphyllobothrium latum
- Hymenolepis nana
- Echinococcus granulosus
Trematodes (Flukes)
- Fasciola hepatica
- Fasciolopsis buski
- Opistorchis viverrini
- Schistosoma spp
- Chlonorchis sinensis
- Paragonimus spp.
Nematodes (Roundworms)
- Ascaris lumbricoides
- Enterobius vermicularis (Pinworm)
- Filarial worms
- Hookworm
- Necator americanus
- Ancylostoma duodenale
- Cutaneous larva migrans (Ancylostoma braziliense)
- Dracunculiasis
- Strongyloides stercoralis
- Trichuris trichiura (Whipworm)
- Anisakis
- Toxocara spp.
- Trichinosis
Evaluation
- Stool ova and parasites - ova found in stool
- Stool culture
- CBC
- Hypochromic, microcytic anemia
- Eosinophilia, often marked
Management
- Albendazole 400mg x 1 dose (high efficacy) OR mebendazole 500mg x 1 dose (low to moderate efficacy)
- Iron supplementation for anemia
Disposition
- Generally may be discharged
See Also
External Links
References
- ↑ Becker BM, Cahill JD: Parasitic Infections, in Marx JA, Hockberger RS, Walls RM, et al (eds): Rosen’s Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice, ed 7. St. Louis, Mosby, Inc., 2010, (Ch) 131:p 1751-1762
- ↑ Wilcox S, Thomas S, Brown D, Nadel E. “Gastrointestinal Parasite.” The Journal of Emergency Medicine, 2007; 33(3):277-280